Topic - Supreme Court Landmark Judgements
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_Fundamental Rights_
1. _A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)_: Defined the scope of Article 21 (Right to Life and Liberty)
2. _State of West Bengal v. Subodh Gopal Bose (1951)_: Established the principle of "procedure established by law" under Article 21
3. _Keshavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)_: Held that the basic structure of the Constitution is unamendable
_Equality and Social Justice_
1. _State of Punjab v. Jalal Singh (1966)_: Struck down the Punjab Act, which allowed for preventive detention
2. _Golak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967)_: Held that Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights
3. _Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)_: Upheld the Mandal Commission's recommendations for reservation
_Separation of Powers_
1. _Ram Jawaya Kapur v. State of Punjab (1955)_: Established the principle of judicial review
2. _S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)_: Held that the Governor's discretion is subject to judicial review
_Environmental Law_
1. _M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1986)_: Established the principle of absolute liability for environmental damage
2. _Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996)_: Held that the precautionary principle applies to environmental protection
_Gender Justice_
1. _Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997)_: Established guidelines for sexual harassment at the workplace
2. _Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)_: Decriminalized consensual homosexual relationships
_Other notable judgments_
1. _Bhim Singh v. Union of India (1986)_: Held that the right to free legal aid is a fundamental right
2. _Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)_: Established the principle of "due process" under Article 21
3. _S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981)_: Held that the judiciary has the power to appoint commissions of inquiry
Article by - Knowledge Nation Law Centre
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